The Belle Époque, a term referring to the historical, sociocultural, and artistic period that encompassed France from the late 19th century until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, has chronologically debated boundaries among historians. Although initially associated with the French experience, this period shared similarities in other European countries and extraterritorial contexts, such as the "Gilded Age" in the United States and the "Porfiriato" in Mexico. In Italy, it coincided with the "Umbertine age" and the "Giolittian age." The Belle Époque, influenced by the Second Industrial Revolution, witnessed significant economic growth, improvements in quality of life, and the emergence of recreational activities. Despite modernization, challenges such as loss of global economic position, social inequalities, and an aging population persisted. The term is associated with the sophisticated life of the bourgeoisie but cannot conceal the misery of the workers. Advances in gender emancipation were initiated, and the period was marked by political events such as the Dreyfus affair and the separation between state and churches in 1905. The Belle Époque was an era of cultural, scientific, and technological transformation, with Paris standing out as a center of artistic and cultural influence as well as modernity, celebrated at the 1900 Universal Exposition. Innovations such as electricity, expansion of transportation with the inauguration of the metro, and popularization of automobiles were introduced. It also saw the emergence of cinema, the development of sports, and a vibrant press, with increasing involvement of intellectuals in political and social issues.
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