Frederick Roger of Hohenstaufen (1194-1250) was King of Sicily (1198-1250), Duke of Swabia (1212-1216), King of the Romans (1212), Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1211-1250), and King of Jerusalem (1225). Descended from the Hohenstaufen and Altavilla houses, his reign was marked by legislative reforms, cultural innovations, and conflicts with the Church. Known as the "wonder of the world," his multifaceted personality generated contrasting myths. His reign promoted cultural unification and the Sicilian School, influencing Italian literature. Frederick, a polyglot and patron of the arts, created an advanced political structure. Excommunicated twice, his figure divided opinions, but his cultural contribution was undeniable, influencing Dante and paving the way for the Italian language.
